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whichever  applies. 


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filmaga. 

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originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  appareitra  sur  la 
derniere  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — »>signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
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beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bonom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  atre 
filmis  A  das  taux  de  reduction  diff*rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  k  droite. 
et  de  haut  an  bas,  an  prenant  la  nombre 
d'imagas  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


A  APPLIED  IfvHGE    Inc 

^Sr  1653  Cast   Mam   Street 

r-S  Rochester.    New    York  U609        JSA 

i^g  (7)6)   482  -  03OO  -  Phone 

aaa  (716)    288  -  5989  -  r'ax 


''^■^m:. 


ElJVS 


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-  •» 


* 


4 

I 

4 


THE  ETYMOLOGY 


OF 


MISSISQUOI 


ADDENDA 


i 


PUBLISHED  BY 

George  Mcaleer,  m.  d., 
Worcester,  Mass. 

19 10. 


1,4  -j^  ^ 


Copyright  1910 
BY 
CeORCB  McALEER,  A. 
Wo»Ci»Tiij,  Mam. 


1 


0092429U 


ETYMOLodY  OF  MISSISQUOI. 


I'      NOA. 


I 

i 


To  uscertuiu  and  record  trutli  is,  ns  it  should  be, 
the  one  great  obieet  of  the  Historian  wortliy  the 
name,  and  of  him  who  aUmg  more  liumble  line 
v\'oukl  investigate  and  record  historical  data  fo. 
coming  generations  and  make  deductions  tliere- 
from.  These  were  my  guiding  stars  and  limita- 
tion in  the  prei)aration  of  my  Etymology  of  Miss- 
is<jiioi,  which  was  undertaken  as  a  lai)or  of  love  to 
asc  ain  the  Etymology  of  the  name  of  my  native 
cou.  ,  and  to  aia  in  the  praiseworthy  work  of  the 
Mis.-iisquoi  Historical  Society.  I  prosecuted  my 
research,  which  extended  over  a  period  of  years, 
with  diligence  and  without  sparing  elTort  or  ex- 
pense. 

The  result  of  ray  investigation  and  resear<'h  is 
succinctly  summed  up  at  the  end  of  my  i)ul)lica- 
ti(m,  and  my  sustained  and  eai-nest  efforts  durinjj 
the  time  that  has  since  elapsed  have  but  strensrtii- 
ened  and  confirmed  the  result  therein  i-ecorde  I. 
No  one  would  have  more  gladly  welcomed  evidence 
that  would  have  overthrown  or  weakened  my  con 
elusion  or  made  it  untenable.   Hut  when  an  Honor 


4  ExvMoLociv  OK  Mmsisguoi 

aiy  President  of  an  Historical  Soeietv  ignores  the 
liin.'tion  and  scope  of  such  societies  and  goes  out 
ot  Ins  way  and  uses  the  pages  of  the  society's  pub- 
iK-ation    of  winch  he  is  managing  Editor,  to  dis- 
parage historical  investigation  and  to  assail  and 
l)elittle  historical  work  without  offering  a  shred  of 
evidence  to  weaken  or  controvert— merest   bald 
ipse  (init—om]  then  to  have  exposure,  explana- 
tion, or  leply  .lenied  admission  to  the  columns  of 
tlie  same  publication,  suggests  the  incpiirv:   What 
are  Historu-al  Societies  for?  and  what  ^istifica- 
tion  is  there  for  the  expenditure  of  the  limited 
funds  of  the  struggling  Society  for  the  publication 
ot  such  matter  ? 

Lest  the  letter  in  question  of  the  Honorarv  Pres- 
ident may  come  under  the  observation  of  some 
who  may  not  know  that  the  assertions  and  claims 
therein  are  without  foundation  in  fact  and  whollv 
gratuitous  and  n.Meading,  and  that   in  conse 
quence  the  true  Etymology  of  the  Indian  place- 
Maine  Missisqnoi  has  not  been  ascertained  and  re- 
corded m  my  Etymology-  of  Missisquoi,  and  that 
this  work  which  was  done  for  the  Society  is  vague 
.--nd  inconclusive,  f  feel  called  upon  to  add  to  mv 
publication  on  the  subject  my  rejoinder  to  the  let- 
ter m  question,  which  was  denied  place  in  the  An- 
nual Keport  of  the  Society,  as  an  Addenda  thereto 
i^or  the  large  number  who  may  not  have  access 
to  mj-  sources  of  information,  or  who  might  not 
eare  to  spend  the  time  necessary  to  investigate  1 
will   suppement  this  with  fuller  citations  from 

miXf  T  T'-'  ^^"^''«''iti^«  that  have  been  and 
nnght  be  further  quoted  in  amplification  and  sui.- 
port  of  ray  work,  and  which  prove  the  verv  re- 
verse of  what  my  captions  critic  alleges,  under  the 
following  general  headings: 


Addenda 


J 


a.  That  riulians  for  tlieii-  greater  protection 
and  security  settled  hack  from  the  frontiers,  heing 
too  astute  and  cunning  to  wantonly  expose  them- 
selves to  their  enemies  hy  settling  on  the  impro- 
tected  shores  of  lakes. 

'>.  That  the  teiritory  now  known  as  Vermont, 
including  .Missis(|uoi  bay  and  environs,  was  in 
caily  times  under  the  domination  of  the  iroipiois. 

«'.  That  they  were  supj)lanted  hv  the  Ahena- 
qiiis. 

-I.  That  the  Abena(iuis  had,  for  the  times,  a 
large  settlement  at  Swanton  Falls  that  was  in  ex- 
istence some  seventy-five  years  or  longer. 

in  (>i<ler  to  preserve  the  continuitv  and  se- 
<iuence  of  the  evidence  of  the  different  authorities 
quoted  in  support  of  the  foregoing,  and  to  save 
space  an.l  needless  repetition,  1  shall  not  separ- 
ate then'  testunony  under  the  ahove  headings- 
even  a  cursory  reading  will  he  sullicient  to  con- 
vin<e  all  open  minded  and  candid  i)eople  that  they 
are  hoth  cogent  and  conclusive. 

All   who  are  poss'-ssed  of  rudimentarv  know- 
ledge of  geology  know  that  flint  docs  not' abound 
in  the  geological  formation  about  Missisijuoi  bay. 
In   siippo-t   of  this,  abundant   testiuKmv  of  the 
I'admg  (Jcologists  of  the   United  States  can  i)e 
a'dnced,  l)ut  I  shall  rest  content  with  that  suj) 
I>lie<l  by  I'lof.  Frank  ().  Adams.   I'h.   I).,   1).  Sc., 
1'.  K.  S.,  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Applied' SciencJ 
nf  V.riUU  University,  and  of  R.  W.  Uroek,  Direct- 
or of   the  Geological   Survey,  Ottawa,  the  testi- 
mony of  both  of  whom  is  reproduced  and  here- 
with appcn.led,  and  which  will  be  {U'cei)ted  as  con- 
clusive in  geological  matters,  and  as  provin'^  the 
absence  of  flint  in  the  region  under  consideration 
l)y  all  who  are  not  recalcitrant  and  irreconcilable. 


6  Etymolody  1)1-  MissiHvuoi 

Prepared  for  the  Missisquoi  Historical  Society 
and  submitted  for  its  consideration  and  action  at 
its  tiiird  Annual  meeting  at  Bedford,  Missisquoi 
County,  P.  Q.,  August  23, 1907: 


ETYMOLOGY  OF  MISSISQUOI. 

It  may  matter  much  or  little  whether  or  not  the 
Etymology  of  the  Indian  place-name  Missis(iuoi  be 
ever  correctly  determined,  but  the  old  and  very 
generally  accepted  saying  that  "nothing  is  ever 
settK-d  until  it  is  settled  right,"  is  sufficient  rea- 
^■ou,  ii  none  other  existed,  for  a  return  to  the  sub- 
ject. 

It  is  not  pleasant  to  disagree  with  friends,  but 
when  acquiescence  or  silence  would  be  wrong,  mis- 
leading, or  subject  to  misconstruction,  it  becomes 
a  duty.     Had  not  the  letter  of  the  learned  and 
highly  esteemed  Honorary  President  of  the  Miss- 
isquoi Historical  Society  to  Hon.  Desire  Girouard, 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada,  upon  the 
Etymologj'  of  Missisquoi,  been  given  place  in  the 
Second  Report  of  the  Society  I  should  not  deem 
It  necessary  to  make  reply  thereto;  but  as  this  let- 
ter is  a  skillful  but  thinly  disguised  attempt  to  as- 
sail and  weaken,  if  not  to  overthrow,  the  evidence 
offered  and  the  conclusion  following  therefrom 
upon  the  same  subject  that  is  given  in  my  Ety- 
mology^ of  Missisquoi,  a  publication  which  but  few 
of  the  readers  of  the  Report  have  seen  or  are  like- 
ly to  see,  and  who  are  not,  therefore,  aware  of 
the  extent  of  my  investigations  or  the  evidence  on 
which  my  conclusion  is  based,  and  which  diflfers 
from  that  of  the  gentleman  in  question,  I  feel  it 
incumbent  upon  me.  in  justice  to  the  subject,  to 


Addenda 


f 


inyst-lf,  and  to  tlie  Society  to  very  briefly  review 
the  matter  in  the  interest  of  Historical  iiuth. 

In  the  letter  in  question  to  the  learned  Judge  the 
writer  confesses  to  a  change  of  opinion  i)reyiously 
held   l)y  him  which   he  admits   was  based  upoii 
superficial  investigation  and  insuflicient  data.    It 
is  Diiich  to  '.e  regretted  that  he  did  not,  before  go- 
hvr  into  print  again,  push  his  investigations  fur- 
IlK-r,  assuming  nothing  and  taking  nothiug  for 
granted,  that  he  did  not  refuse  to  accept  every- 
lliing  that  did  not  stand  the  test  of  the  rigid  rules 
of  logic  with  which  his  trained  legal  mind  is  so 
familiar.    Had  he  done  so  he  might,  on  deeper  in- 
vestigation and  study,  have  saved  himself  another 
«'hange  of  opinion,  the  trouble  of  vrriting  for  publi- 
cation so-called  historical  matter  not  sustained  by 
fact,  and  the  writer  the  uni)Ieasant  task  of  point- 
ing out  some  of  his  most  important  and  glaring 
ei-rors. 

At  the  outset  he  admits  that  his  dimcultv  "was 
to  find  the  Tudian  tribe  most  likely  to  have  used 
the  name  at  that  particular  i)Iace?'"  And  yet  the 
learned  Attorney  and  valuable  and  liighlv  appre- 
ciated member  of  the  Society  is  on  rec-ord  as  hav- 
ing fuinished  an  explanation  of  the  origin  and 
signification  of  this  Indian  place-name,  and  the 
reason  for  its  bestowal  upon  this  i)articular  part 
of  the  country,  without  possessing  even  this  rud- 
imentary and  easily  acquired,  albeit  this  very 
necessary  and  important,  data. 

This  is  mentioned  in  this  connection  onlv  to  sug- 
gest that  having  erred  unwittingly,  although  ser- 
iously, once  the  possibility  of  his  "having  done  so 
again.— and  that  he  has,  T  shall  attempt  to  [)rove. 

He  is  on  record  as  follows:     "I  was  and  am 


8  Ktvmoluuy  of  Missisvroi 

sure  tlie  Inlians  never  used  that  river  for  anv 
purpose  whatever  "-the  Missisquoi  River. 
Inis  IS  not  so. 

It  is  a  fact  well  known  to  all  well  informed  per- 
sons, and  It  should  be  known  to  all  who  attempt  to 
write  history,  or  upon  historical  and  ethnological 
matters  pertaining  to  tlie  section  of  country  under 
consKleration,  that  Abenaouis  Indians  made  ..uite 
a    arge  settlement  .luring  the  early  part  of  the 
IHth  century,   if  not   earlier,   on   the   Missiscn.oi 
river  at  Swanton  Falls,  and  which  was  there  miin- 
ained  during  more  than  half  a  century.     Here 
'toy  built  a  stone  church,  the  first  church  ever 
l)mlt  for  f  hnstian  worship  of  the  living  God  in 
what  IS  no^y  the  state  of  Vermont,  and  in  its  stee- 
p  e  sounded  the  first  bell  that  ever  summoned  peo- 
P  e  to  assemble  for  His  adoration  and  praise  in 
hat  part  of  the  country.    This  church  aid  settle- 
?pwl.?''  ^";"*«'"^d  ""til  after  the  American 
Uevolution.    These  people  and  their  kinsmen,  the 
Abena.iuis  then  settled  in  Canada,  were  loval  to 
the  l^ench,  who  in  turn  were  loyal  to  the  Brit 
.sh  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  upon  its 
termination  they  found  it  very  nec^ssarv  Ld  <le- 
sirable  to  flee  to  Canada. 

Having  effectively  participated  in  the  conflict 
and  liistory  tells  of  their  loyalty,  hardships,  and 
tl^  destruction  of  their  property,  the  rc^ons  do 
not  show  that  they  ever  set  up  or  profited  bv  the 
claims  so  clamorously  and  persistently  put  forth 
lit  ^'*'^  fT'''  ^^°^'""^ts  and  manv  others 
«ho  masqueraded  under  this  title-while  thev  suf- 
fered as  much  and  more  then  many  in  that  cause 
vho  recen^d  generous  government  benefactions 
preferment  in  public  station,  social  recogniti  m 
and  praise  at  the  expense  of  their  betters,-lwhicl 


Addenda 


I 


has  also  been  claimed  and  received  l)v  their  de- 
scendants and  successors  even  down  to  the  pre- 
sent time. 

The  fact  of  this  settlement  is  affirmed  in  my 
"hookiet,"  as  the  learned  Koutlemen  dignifies  it, 
<••>  pages  L>.>G,  a  copy  of  which  was  in  his  pos- 
session when  he  wrote  the  foregoing  ipiotation- 
Jind  [  am  at  a  loss  to  find  an  exphuiation  for  its 
denial  save  on  the  ground  that  he,  for  reasons 
known  best  to  himself,  put  off  the  garl)  of  the 
student  and  historian  and  put  on  that  of  the  ad- 
vocate and  special  pleader. 

Evidence  in  support  of  his  contention  he  offers 
none,  and  none  can  he  furnish. 

Again  he  states:  "I  was  also  under  the  impres- 
sion that  the  Abenatiuis  Indians  never  halted  anv 
length  of  time  at  or  around  the  hav,  hut  were  only 
.•asual    visitors.      I    also    find    that    imi.ression 
wrong."     It  has  been  said  that  "language  is  to 
<'onccal  thought."    If  this  be  not  the  purpose   in 
the  })resent  instance,  of  the  learned  attornev  it 
means,  if  the  English  language  be  used  to  con- 
vey instead  of  to  conceal  meaning,  that  the  Abena- 
<|iiis   Indians  had  a  permanent  settlement  for  a 
tmie.  be  it  for  a  longer  or  a  shorter  period,  at 
.\lissisf|uoi  bay. 
"^I'liis  is  not  so. 

Evidence  in  support  of  an  Abenafjuis  or  other 
Indian  settlement  at  Missisquoi  Jiav  he  furnishes 
none,  and  none  can  he  furni"''. 

Again  he  writes:  "They     '   e  there  apparenllv 
wh.'u  the  niap-nuikers  had  i  .    -ed  Lake  Champlain 
on  their  map,  but  left  the  bay  nameless"— refer- 
ing  to  the  Abena((uis  at  Missisquoi  Bay. 
This  is  not  so. 


10 


Kn  MOLOOY   OK    Mlssisgroi 


Kvi.lencc  in  support  thereof  he  olTers  none,  and 
n«»jie  i-Mi  he  fiiiiiisli. 

Wlien  the  earlier  inai.s  of  f.ake  ChanipUiin  weie 
made,  on  wliid:  nre  shown  tlie  iJay  witliout  a 
name,  the  coiintiy  of  the  fierce  and  \variil<e  Iro- 
•  inois  e.\tende<l  eastward  to  the  Connecticut  river, 
and  it  remained  under  their  jurisdiction  uniil 
ah(Mit  the  hegiiniinjj:  of  the  IStli  centnrv,  wiieti 
tlieir  numbers  were  so  '  idly  decimated  hy  a 
I'hij?ue,  said  hy  some  writers  to  have  l»een  the 
smallpox,  that  for  safety  the  survivinj?  remnant 
witluhew  to  the  larger  settlements  of  their  coun- 
trymen to  the  westward  beyond  the  I.ake  where 
they  afterwards  made  their  Iiome, 

This  was  Ions  yea  is  after  maps  were  made  that 
showed  Missis(|uoi  I5ay  on  Lake  Champlain  with- 
out a  name  to  <lesif.nate  it,  and  it  was  many  years 
after  befoie  it  ajjpeared  on  maps  beaiiui?  its  pre- 
sent name. 

dust  a  few  words  of  explanation  in  reference  to 
the  Etymologies  of  the  word  furnislied  to  me  !)y 
Chief  Laurent  and  to  the  assertion  of  my  critic 
that  "the  Doctor  seems  to  lead  up  to  and  invite  the 
tall  ifrass  name,  and  while  too  courteous  to  dis- 
eoura^e  him  the  Chief  seems  after  all  to  i)refer 
the  tlint  stone  name." 

At  the  outset  I  wish  to  exi)ress  mv  admiration 
for  the  attainments  of  the  Chief,  who  I  consider  a 
very  remarkai)le  man  for  his  oi)portunities  and 
enx  •ronment,  and  to  thns  publicly  thank  him  for 
his  hndly  mterest  and  aid  in  my  researches.  Xev- 
ertheless  for  reasons  tliat  T  give  in  abundance  in 
my  "l)ooklet,"  to  which  reference  lias  alreadv 
been  made,  no  one  knows  better  than  the  Chief 
himself,  for  he  has  so  expressed  himself  in  his 
letters  to  me,  wherein  he  explains  how  didicnlt  it 


Addr.vda 


11 


IS  after  the  lapse  of  eenturies  to  jriv«.  tlie  correct 
•  lenvation  and  signification  of  the  words  of  an  un- 
lettered i)eo|)le  aud  of  au  unwritten  language  of 
ii    veiy   limited  vocabulary,  and  especially  when 
many  dialects  al)oun<led,  aud  the  nianv  transfonn- 
.•'tions  and  .-lianges  tiiat  were  engrafted  thereon 
troiii  the  tiMie  when  the  Indians  came  in  c<.ntact 
\M!!i  the  whites.    This  phase  of  the  suhje.-t  is  too 
f\!.nsi\e  to  enter  upon  now  at  length,  and  it  must 
siHiice  to  say  that  in  my  correspondence  with  Chief 
Lament  the  transformation  of  his  language  was 
tlie  first  thing  that  he  touched  upon  and  his  lack 
of  familiarity  with  its  earlier  forms.   The  changes 
have  l.-cn  so  great  tiiat  an  English  speaking  child 
<.t  to  ilay  would  have  infinitelv  less  diilicuitv  to  iin- 
<Ierstand  the  P^nglish  language  of  Chaucer's  time, 
and  pliilogists  know  that  this  w<mld  ho  impossible 
Jiian  would  an  Indian  child  now  understand  th'' 
laiiiiiiage  of  his  tribe  of  a  few  hundred  vears  ago 
This  the  Chief  emi)liasized  bv  comparing  his  lan- 
Kiiage  of  the  present  time  with  old  manuscripts 
written  m  the  same  language  bii;   whi.di  |,c  did 
not  understand. 

Furthermore  the  first  meaning  that  he  gave  to 
the  word  Missis.pioi  was  a  big  smike,- '"not  a 
<ommon  big  snake,"  wrote  he,  "but  (me  of  the 
boa  kind."  This  bein-  objected  to  because  (hcM.. 
were  no  "big  serpent-  of  the  boa  kind"  in  that 
part  of  the  country,  and  that  there  never  could  have 
been  any  of  that  descrii)tion  for  climati.-  reasoiis 
lie  changed  to  "great  rocks,  big  boulders." 

This  having  been  explained  to  him  as  verv  im- 
luobable  and  not  in  harmony  with  Indian  custmu 
as  great  rocks  and  big  boulders  abounded  in  great 
abnndance  elsewhere,  and  that  this  name  was  no< 
duplicated  elsewhere  as  was  the  custom   of  the 


12 


I'.TVMoi.ocfv  in-  .Mrssisgioi 


'«''<•^«'••  fo.uHl,  IH.  rl.anKHl  aKain  ,n,.i  sni.l  that 

.    u,,.ulo.|^,n..iaMtl.ontytl.omn,amltl...iM,th.M-.  • 

c^  « h,  so  .U-r.vat.on  an<l  .signification  of  tl.o 
"oKl-n  place  of  ,„sl,es.  a  smit  sriassv  nl-i<J  . 
^.-.'at  n,arshy  ,.lnco-coiuci/[os  l:^^? ^m  %! 
P  .ys...U  ...ntions  a1.owt  Ma,„an,  S,^;i:i 

.L     r  I  •^''"7'^:i"'"  K'vtM-,  wl.eie  it  empties  in(„ 
'^"ke  (lmn,pla.n,-..n,l  yan.ing  ti.e  pla-'in    , 

liit 's ''"7"'  -"'"-'-.^.tiia;;.:; 

"  nil  Indian  eustoni. 
"•■■iting  10  (■hk.c  La„,e,„  ,„>.  „|,|„  ^ 

I  e  (  |„ef,  Im  t  to  show  that  his  knowle.ljfe  of  hi's 

•     placed  upon  h.s  exphuiation  of  the  .hwivat  on 
..";!  .s.^nuficat.on  of  ohi  Ahena„nis  words. 
J  lie    lionoiabe  Judee   (;irm-.i,.J'  i     • 

<'l>ased  wholly  upon  those  of  Chief  F  a     ent     " 

Phli;;;"    '"V""^^  ^"^""''-'^'"^  foundation  ' 

I  I Mlolojry  hears  no  immaterial  or  even  sul.or 

M.le.at.on.  an<l  this  must  be  recognize,!  and  reck- 


Adue.vda 


13 


oned  with  if  we  would  do  more  than  jump  at  and 
ajM^p,.ed.lec.t.ons  and  ha-sty  and  untenable  Z- 

My  investigations,  and  they  luue  exten.led  over 
.  "  ..her  of  years  and  hav..  heen  sonunvhat  ex- 
ha,  s  .ve.  have  not  enahled  n.e  to  n.etan.orphose 
Ahss,-,.houff  or  Miehi-choug,  the  earlier  for  ns  of 
tl";  woni,  the  last  syllable  being  uttere.l  in  tie 
"ell  known  and  re<.ogni.ed  Indian  dee,  gu  e';^ 
sound,  the  tern.inal  of  many  of  their  wonl      mo 

ti  n'r  '^r'-''^'  ^•■""'  ^^''•*'''  "■-•<'  -•  -'"''ina- 
u  t  that  the  meanmg  "plaee  where  fhnt  is  found" 
s  <lenve<l  or  to  reconcile  the  d.rivation  of  the  lat- 
ter trom  the  former  Mesep-ski-ko-wik,  seems  to 
b  n/ '""  ^"^"•^'y.^^Jff^^'-^nt  word,  and  tnat  onlv 
b  p.efe.nng  preddect.on  or  metamorphosis  to 
to  rif       •''  ""^"'^^tantial  basis  for  historical  data 

ec[l  ?''""'  """'-r  "^""*  '^  ^'^  "  f'"-^">'-  i"  the  sub 
.iwt  under  consideration. 

It  is  claimed  that  flint  exists  along  the  sho.e  of 
M,ss.s.,uo,  Bay,  and  that  defctive  arrow  Ic^.. 

n"ti    es  w        f'"''  '''^'■"  '^  '^  '•'"'■'"'-••>  tl.at  these 
aitu'les  u ere  formerly  made  by  the  Indians      In 

;-".e.genc.es  In.lians  improvised  and  n.ade  Vse 
I>ones  and  nuuiy  kin.ls  of  stone  fron.  which  to  nmn 
ufa<-ture   unplements    for   warfare   and    for  '^ 
<•  .ase    and  samples  of  such   handicraft  are  fre- 
quently found  along  the  waterwavs,  their  hi.h 

S'\r  *•""''•  '"'!  *'"  '''''''  of  Miosis.  ;  oi  lav 
:  nd  M.ss.squo,  and  Pike  Rivers,  which  flow  into 
It,  are  no  exception.  But  an  examination  of  the 
samples  o  such  implements,  now  in  abundance  i, 
tie  cabmets  of  many  museum.,  iu  different  par  s 
of  America,  wdl  show  that  they  were  not  general 


14 


Ktvmolooy  Of  Mi!4<«i!«gri)i 


ly  III  ide  of  iiiatoiial  of  such  geolofjfii'al  apexing  ns 
exists  at  Vt'iiue  or  elsewliere  about  the  bay  and 
rivers  nameil,  ami  that  su<'h  outcropping  of  bast- 
ard chert  is  wholly  unsuited  to  the  manufacture  of 
the  implements  under  consideration,  and  the  In- 
dians were  too  practical  to  atteni])t  it  unless  in 
eniergf  ncies,  or  to  g've  such  a  misfit  name  to  the 
place. 

To  cover  the  whole  ground  it  would  be  neces- 
sary to  inroiporate  much  that  appears  in  further 
i'vidence  in  my  Monograph  on  this  subject,  but 
this,  inclination  does  not  warrant  nor  space  [)er- 
mit.  Hut  for  the  benefit  of  those  interested  in  the 
subject  whose  knowledge  is  largely  derived  from 
the  Society's  Report  for  1907,  I  desire  to  place  be- 
fore them  the  sinnming  up  of  my  efforts  in  the 
nuitter  under  consideratiou  in  my  Etymology  of 
Missis(|uoi.  and  to  say  that  I  think  I  offer  alumd- 
and  evidence  to  sustain  my  conclusion: 

IJriefly  sununing  up  the  work  in  h^nd,  it  seems 
fair  to  conclude  from  the  evidence  adduced  and 
that  derived  fiom  publications  during  my  investi- 
gations: 

That  the  Indians  were  very  literal  in  the  be- 
stowal of  names,  and  thai  it  is  along  the  line  of 
some  natural  advantage,  striking  peculiarly,  or 
physical  condition  that  the  reason  for  the  bestowal 
of  this  name  must  be  sought; 

That  the  Indian  place-name  that  has  come  down 
to  us  as  Alissisquoi  was  first  bestowed  upon  the 
river  of  this  name  in  northern  Vermont,  because  of 
some  peculiar  condition  existing  along  its  course 
or  at  its  mouth,  or  striking  characteristic  of  the 
people  in  the  settlement  upon  its  banks ; 

That  is  was  long  years  afterwards  before  it 
was  bestowed  upon  the  bay  and  county  now  known 


Addknim 


15 


by  this  name,  and  tliat  in  ('onse(|iu»n<'p  tiiese  niuHt 
he  excluded  from  consiileration  when  seeking  the 
reaHon  for  the  bestowal  of  this  luihie; 

That  the  Crees  were  remote  froii  the  Al>emi- 
«inis,  and  that  several  tribes  \vhos«'  languaKes  were 
very  difFerent,  lived  in  the  lounhy  that  separat- 
ed them ; 

That  tliiM-e  is  no  oviden»«'  whatever  to  prove  the 
adoption  of  the  words  of  one  tribe  by  another  in 
primitive  times,  and  it  is  ajrainst  probability; 

That  the  woid  for  great,  big  or  many  women  in 
.Abcnacpiis  is  entirely  nnlike  the  word  of  similar 
meaning  in  the  Cree  language; 

That  Indian  women  wen-  nev*  •  honored  in  the 
way  iiiiplied  by  "big  woman."  "great  woman." 
and  the  like; 

That  no  flint  existed  or  was  to  be  obtained  in 
the  conntry  beside  or  near  the  river; 

That  while  rocks,  bonldeis  and  clitTs  abound  on 
the  shore  of  the  bay  they  are  not  in  striking  evi- 
«lence  along  the  river; 

That  while  a  few  small  rattlesnakes  existed  in 
early  times  in  the  territory  now  known  as  Ver- 
mont, they  were  neither  so  large  nor  so  abundant 
as  to  justify  the  use  of  the  adjectives  "great"  or 
"many"— and  their  habitat  was  in  the  rocky 
ledges  of  the  hills  and  mountains  and  not  in  the 
lowlands,  valleys  and  marshes ; 

That  the  Indians  had  no  woni  to  signifiy  the 
grouping  or  aggregation  of  difVerent  varieties  of 
the  same  species,  as.  for  instance,  a  single  word 
for  the  species  Cm-ifhr—the  deer,  caribou,  elk 
and  moose;  nor  for  tht A ii>ififlfr^the  ducks,  geese, 
brant  and  swan  as  is  implied  in  the  term  "water- 
fowl," nor  was  it  their  custom  so  to  do;  and 
That  very  extensive  iruiishes  covered   with  a 


Iti 


r.rVMDI.UIiV    t,y    Ml^siMylui 


'•.".k  Kn.uU,  of  willows,  whortlelMMTv  l.nshos  (now 
;;;•!  -I  Imk.Iu.sI.   l.|„.|,.,,ios).  ,.a,.iai|  ,I»K.  - 

>  o    the  ,no„th  ot  tlu.  river.  an.J  extensive  Leaver 
'••."l";vs    wer,.    fornuMly    in   al.nn.lant   evi.ien-e 
tliroMjfli.Mit  Its  wliole  ..oiirse.  >■«"»(« 

Looking  at  the  .|Ue.stion  from  tl.is  stan.Ip..iMt 
•  oes  not  tl.e  evnlen-e  sulm.itte.|  warrant  the  .•     -' 
HuH.on    hat  the  word  Missis,..oi  is  of  Allans 
«  riffin.  that  it  was  hestowe<l  in  a.vonlHn.-e  with  In 

;|.nn.M.ton..an.lsi^ifies'.,,reatKrassy    t;;^ 
a  stu.k>  place. "^  a  great  marshy  place.' 
I  liiH  stn. ly  was  nn.lertaken  with  a  receptive  an.l 
an,.n|.a...ln.imlan<litisendedwithont\;;;^;^^^^ 

fo.lIrnewf./r'7  *'^''»"^^'^'^'  investigation   luini, 
nth  neu  fa.-  s    o  warrant  a  different  conclusion 
the  writer  w.ll  g.ve  then,  gla.l  welcome. 

n  conclns.on  it  is  a  gre.    ,,leasure  for  me  to  he 
»Mc.  to  reconl  that  n.y  Etymology  of  Mi"^is  ,  , 
"t  -ome  ami  al.road  has  eliHte.!  weirds  of   o^m^^ 
'at  on  an<    praise  from  critics  and  reviewers    n 

S7;;i;ri'"'>f^"-''"''^^''^-^^'''-^  '''i'- 
cS  s. .  1 1  ?^''';'  •  ""•'  "''•"'•  -''"''ational  puhli- 

Iha^;^"  "'  """^""^'-^  'ing'-tic  ahility  Z 

Summed  up  in  a  few  sentences  the  ,uotMtion  l.e- 

1^.  (  hamherlan..  Ph.   D     Assnci-ito  P..  e    ^'""T' 
(M-irlr  T^»:,,„.   -4.      T^i-/"'  ^**"^<^<^'ate  I^rofessor  m 

n-  •  of  FhL  r       •'  ^;''^^''  ^^  *''^  American  .Jour- 
na.  of  Folk  Lore,  and  the  author  of  manv  public-^ 

nes  ot  .North  America,  m  the  "University  of  To 
ronto  Studies:  Review  of  Historical  Pub  ications 
relating  to  Canada,"  Vol.  vni.  p.  12^  may  be 


AnnRNDA 


17 


taken  generally  as  the  expreHHion  nml  approval  of 

all: 

"The  unHatirtfaotory  ohararter  of  the  dJjM-us- 
sions  of  the  Ktyniology  of  the  name  MiHsisqiioi, 
applied  to  a  bay  and  county  in  the  province  of 
(^iiehec  and  to  a  river  in  northern  Vermont,  jus- 
tiHed  Dr.  McAleer,  who  was  Itorn  and  hrought  up 
in  Missisquoi  Tounty,  in  attempting  to  nolve  the 
problem  of  its      dian  origin.    In  his  little  volume 
will  be  found  all  that  is  known  on  the  history  of 
the  word,  with  the  opinions  and  discussions  of  all 
authorities  from  the  earliest  to  the  most  recent, 
practically  every  Ktyniolog>-  that  has  been  sug- 
f,tstc(l  is  recorded,  and  the  list  of  them  is  an  ob 
Jj'ct  lesson  in  the  difficulties  as  well  as  the  "ease" 
of  Ktymologixing.  The  derivations  suggested  vary 
all  the  way  from  "much  water  fowl"  to  "big 
V  t.num"  and  "place  of  great  stones."  The  author 
is,   however,   right  in   favorini?   the   Etymology, 
agreed   to  by   W.   \V.   Tookcr.   the    Algonkinist, 
which  derives  the  word  from  Abenaki  (or  scmie 
related  dialect),  and  makes  it  signify  "a  great 
grassy  place,"  or  "a  great  marshy  jilace."   The 
^^ssis(!Uoi  Historical  Society  has  done  well  in  en- 
coura*    ig  the  i)roduction  of  this  interesting  aion- 
u^rraph." 


^^  KrvMolcxiV  OF    Missisyrol 

I:MI-:\I)AT1()XS  AXD  AMf'LIFICATlOXS 

Tlio  territory  now  known  as  Wrniont,  as  also 
liat  lyinjr  l.otweeu  the  States  of  New  York  an.l 
\  ern.ont  on  tlie  soutli  an.l  the  St.  Lawrence  river 
on  tlie  nortli,  m  early  times  was  under  tlie  .lon.ina- 
tion  ol  tlie  iro.|iiois  as  the  roilowins,^  testinionv 
shows: 

From  llie  Vnmont  Jlisforiral  (l<i~rlfn'r;-~Uem- 
meiiway,  niiriin<,4on,  \'t.,  1S71  : 

"l)onaacona.  an  Als-onkin  Chief,  eonduete.l 
him  (.Jae(,ues  (  artier)  "to  the  summit  of  Mount 
iH.yai.  whi<-h  towered  al.ove  the  settlement  ami 
showed  him  in  that  hrijyht  October  sun  the  countrv 
lor  many  miles  South  and  East,  and  told  him  oV 
great  rivers  and  inland  seas  and  smaller  rivers 
and  lakes  penetratins?  a  heautiful  territory  helon-'- 
iny-  to  the  wailike  lro.,uois.  These  ImHans  ha"l 
settlements  in  the  interior  of  the  State  now  .-ailed 
\  ermont  hut  whose  earlier  name  was  Iroquoisia." 
\  ol.  11,  Pasje  S!). 

"The  Eastern  shore  had  then  helom^ed  to  the 
Iro.iuois,"— Ihidp.  Kis. 


(■hamplain's  .leseription  of  Lake  Champlain  in 

^hO.  ilhuumrntan,  Hi.fonj  nf  \nr  )'o//.- :  Alhaiiv. 
1  iSr)(  I,  • 

"We  left  next  day,  continuinir  our  route  along 
tlie  river  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Lake.  Here 
are  a  numher  of  heautiful,  hut  low  Fslands  filled 
witli  very  fine  woods  and  prai.-ies,  a  .,uanlitv  of 
game  and  wild  animals,  such  as  stags,  .leer  fawns 


Addenda 


19 


roebucks,  bears  and  other  sorts  of  animals  that 
come  from  the  main  land  to  the  said  ishmds.  We 
♦•aught  a  (luantity  of  them.  There  is  also  <iuite  a 
number  of  Beavers,  as  well  in  the  river  as  in  sev- 
eral other  streams  which  fall  into  it.  These  parts, 
lliouiih  aKreeable,are  not  inhabited  by  any  Indians', 
a  c()ii.se(|ueuce  of  their  wars. 

'I'hey  retire  from  the  i-ivers  as  far  as  possible, 
<leep  into  the  country,  in  ordei-  not  to  be  so  soon 
discovered. 

N'ext  day  we  entered  the  Lake,  which  is  of  con- 
siderable extent;  some  50  or  (iO  lea<?nes.  where  [ 
saw  4  beautiful  islands,  10,  ]•_>  and  15  leas?ues  in 
I<'iiytli,  luimerly  inhabited,  as  well  as  the  fro.iuois 
river,  by  Indians,  but  abandoned  since  they  have 
been  at  war  the  one  with  the  other 

Continuin,!,'  our  route  along  the  west  side  of  the 
Lake,  contemplating  the  country,   I   saw  on  the 
Kast  Side  very  high  mountains  cai)ped  with  snow 
I  asked  the  Indians  if  those  j.a.  ts  were  inhabited. 
Ihey  answeredmeVes,and that  they  were  Irorpiois, 
and  that  there  were  in  those  parts  beautiful  val- 
bes,  and  fields  fei-tile  in  corn  as  good  as  f  had  ever 
eaten  in    the   coimtry,   with    infinitude   of   other 
fruits,  and  that  the  lake  extended  close  to  tiie 
nu)untains,  which  were,  according  to  mv  iudgment 
h)  leagues  from  us.     I  saw  others  to"  the  south 
not  less  high  than  the  former;  onlv  that  tliev  were 
without  snow.    The  Indians  told  me  it  was  there 
wc  were  to  go  to  meet  their  enci„ies  and  that  thev 
were  thickly  inhabited."  Vol.  III.  pp  4  .-, 


20 


K'rYMOLOCiV    OK    MlsSISVL'UI 


HISTOHV  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  IROQUOIS; 
Albany  1905: 

"In  l')'M)  .Jacfiiies  t'artier  ascended  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  Quebec  and  Montreal,  finding  Iro(|U()is 
spoken  more  or  less  all  the  way,  and  preservin;^ 
many  words  and  names.  At  Montreal  he  visited 
and  described  the  Iro(|nois  town  of  Ilochelaga," 
page  149. 

"Though  there  were  Iro<|Uois  all  along  the  St. 
Lawrence  when  Cartier  ascended  it,  C'liamplai!i 
found  only  Algompiins  when  he  went  uj)  that 
stream  in  160:?,  p.  150. 

A  war  having  meanwhile  occurre(l  Mie  Iro(|uois 
were  driven  to  the  southward.  "l..e  story  has 
been  told  by  De  la  Potherie,  Charlevoix,  ("olden 
and  others,  and  has  mu' '  to  confirm  it  incidental- 
ly," p.  150. 

"That  this  war  was  recent  when  ('hami)hiiTi 
came  is  evident.  Though  this  had  caused  them  to 
abandon  the  Islands  of  Lake  Champlain,  the  Jn 
dians  with  the  great  explorer  in  1()09  told  him 
tliat  the  Vermont  shore  belongerl  to  the  Iro(|Uois, 
and  that  there  were  beautiful  valleys  and  fertile 
cornfields  there,"  p.  15L 

There  is  reference  to  the  beginning  of  this  war 
in  ('hami)lain's  account  of  the  proposed  peace  be- 
tween the  Irocpiois  and  Algoncpiins  in  KiJi'.  The 
Indians  said  "they  wei'e  tired  and  weary  of  wars 
which  they  had  had  for  more  than  fifty  yeais;  and 
that  their  fathers  had  never  wished  to  entei-  into 
treaty,  on  account  of  the  desire  for  vengeiincc 
which  they  wished  to  obtain  for  the  nuirdcr  of 
their  friends,  who  had  been  killed;  but,  haviniv 
considered  the  good  which  might  i-esult.  they  re- 
solved, as  has  been  said,  to  make  i)eace."  p.  157. 


Addenda 


21 


f 


U 


"Nicholas  Perrot,  the  French  interpreter,  an 
early  iind  jyood  authority,  said,  the  country  of  the 
Iroijuois  was  formerly  Montreal  and  Three  Kiv- 
<''*^  ....  Tlieir  removal  was  in  consecjuence 
of  a  (|uarrel  unexjjectedly  occuring  between  them 
and  the  Alj;on(|uins  ....  This  explains  why 
tliese  also  claim  the  island  of  Montreal  as  the 
land  of  tlieii-  ancestors,."  p,  i;]3. 

Lafitu,  Poucliot  and  other  authorities  furnish 
<-oncHi  ring-  testimony.  P.ut  to  make  extended  ex- 
iiacts  from  the  works  named,  and  others  that  fur- 
nish similai-  evidence,  would  unduly  overtax  our 
space  and  the  scope  proimsetl;  we  shall,  therefore, 
lie  content  to  briefly  summarize,  indicating  publi- 
cation an<l  page  from  which  the  extract  is  taken 
foi-  the  benefit  of  those  who  may  desire  greater 
ami)lification. 

"The  Mohawks  came  from  the  North  by  way  of 
Lake  C'Im.'Mplain,"  Tbid,  ]).  1:55. 

"In  (*anada.  New  England  and  southern  New 
York  were  the  Algoncpiins,"  j).  13(5. 

"fiearing  in  mind  the  numbers  of  the  Tiocpiois 
and  their  fietpient  lemovals,  any  experienced  per- 
son can  see  that  their  coming  into  New  York  can- 
not bo  plai-ed  veiy  far  back,"  p.  ]'y.i. 

Mohawk  is  not  an  Irocpiois  word,  nor  could  a 
Ai  .iiawk  once  pronounce  it,"  j).  ]')9. 

The  Indians  were  a  very  nonuidic  peo])le,  mov- 
ing fiejuently  from  place  to  ]»lace  to  avoid  their 
enemies,  to  places  of  greater  natural  advantage, 
where  fish,  game,  ancl  peltry  were  moi-e  plenti- 
ful, etc.  This  has  been  in  abundant  evidence  from 
earliest  times.  Champlain  recorded  in  KiKi: 
"Sometimes  they  change  their  Village  of  ten,  of 
twenty,  or  thirty  years,  and  transport  it  from  one, 
two.  three  leagues  from  the  preceding  place,  un- 


22 


KtyMOLOOV    of    MlSSHgUOI 


less  they  are  conslraiiUMl  In-  their  enemies  to  dis- 
loil.i^e  and  to  go  far  away,  as  the  Antouhonorons 
liad  done  s<nie  40  to  oO  leagues,"  p.  161. 

("haniplam  in  HJO.'?  found  tiie  Indians  "rejoicing 
for  the  victory  obtained  l)y  them  over  tlie  Ir<" 
i|Uois,"p)».  l()7-8. 

"Tile  Richelieu  river  was  tlien  called  the  river 
of  the  [locjiiois,"  p.  ](}A, 

"The  -Mgonquins  and  frotpiois  had  been  at  war 
over  50  yeais  when  they  began  to  talk  of  peace 
in  U)2L>,"p.  174. 

After  the  Dutch  had  supi)lied  the  Iro(piois  with 
fire  arms,  "they  have  now  achieved  manv  piofit- 
al)le  forays  wheie  before  thev  had  but  littk'  ad- 
vantage," p.  178. 

"The  Ii-ocjuois  l)eing  w-'i  sui)plied  with  firearms 
by  the  Dutch,  became  foi  uiidable  to  all  other  In- 
<lians,"p.  18.1 

"The  Iroquois  now  carried  their  arms  far  and 
wide  and  in  1659  began  to  approach  Hudson  bav  " 
p.  210. 

^^  "Passed  through  the  Dutch  town,"  (Albany) 
"to  attack  thp  Eastern  Indians  hv  whom  they  were 
defeated,"  p.  215,  "but  small-pox  had  wejikened 
their  towns, "p.  216. 

"That  year  (1664)  Mohawk  Anbassadors  weie 
kdled  by  the  Aitenaquois  or  Kenebecs,  and  the 
Mahicans  attacked  the  Mohawks"  j..  216. 

"M  de  Tracy  came  to  Canada  in  1665  and  at 
once  built  three  forts  on  the  river  Iro(|Uois,"i)  217. 

"Mission  for  the  Iroquois  who  had  been  con- 
verted to  Christianity  founded  neai-  Montreal  in 
1669,"  p.  220. 

"In  1686  the  Iroquois  were  seeking  an  alliance 
with  the  Ottawas  as  agents  for  English  traders  " 
p.  231. 


AllDKNriA 


23 


For  more  tlian  one  limitlred  years,  to  supply 
the  (leinands  of  foreign  eountiies,  tlie  streams  and 
forests  of  the  Eastern  eountry  had  heen  despoil- 
ed of  tlieir  fish,  jjame.  and  fins,  ami  now  the  at- 
tention of  tile  Iro(inois  and  otlier  Eastern  Indians 
was  more  direeted  to  tlie  nortli  and  more  distant 
country  where  jyame  and  peltries  were  more 
ahundant  and  more  easily  obtained.  Chailevoix 
has  leeorded  of  tliis  ten(h>ncy  and  movement: 
"Xothing  was  fraugiit  with  greatei-  danger  tlian 
this  opening  of  trade  l)etween  Xew  York  and  tlie 
Iro(piois  and  nations  whom  we  had  till  now  re- 
garded as  our  most  faithful  allies."  Ihid,  j).  L';n. 

"In  KiSJ)  the  small-pox  restrained  the  Iroquois 
from  invading  Canada,"  p.  23(5. 

During  the  same  year  there  was  held  in  All)any 

a  council  in  which  the  Eive  Xa<' -ii»'Mred  with 

•  lelegates  from  Xew  England  \  ..^  .>lied  their 
aid  against  the  Eastern  Indians.  The  ludians  re- 
plied to  their  solicitation  and  overtures:  "  We 
cannot  declare  war  against  the  Eastern  Indians 
for  they  have  done  us  no  harm."  p.  L'iUi. 
^  "During  ICfX)  the  English  i.iade  an  attempt  on 
Canada  via  Lake  Champlain.  hut  the  small  pox 
again  broke  out  and  the  expedition  was  nhandou 
ed,")).  2;W. 

"  In  KiiK!  a  party  of  (ii'o  men  left  Mont!  eal  to  at- 
tack the  Mohawks  effecting  a  complete  smi.risc 
and  bringing  away  200  j.risoners,"  p.  241. 

"Stragaling  bands  of  Indians  from  all  the  dilVer- 
ent  nations  might  be  encountered  everywhere.  In 
KiMC  two  .Mohawks  were  sent  back  from  Eniilanl 
who  had  been  taken  at  the  surrender  of  Fort 
York  at  Hudson  Bay,"  p.  248. 

"In   1700  two-thirds  of  the   Mohawks  were  in 


24 


Ktymoi.o«v  of  Mi8si8guoi 


C'uiiada  and  kindly  cared  for  by  the  French," 

"The  lieaver  trade  had  sunk  to  notlung  there 
(New  York)  "and  the  Iroquois  hunts  led  to  con- 
stant war.  '  p.  25:5. 

An  Hgreenient  was  made  by  the  Iroquois  at  Mon- 
treal, August  4,  1701,  to  remain  neutral  between 
the  English  and  French.  Should  the  Iroquois  re- 
volt from  the  English  and  unite  with  tlie  French 
"they  would  in  a  short  time  drive  us  out  of  this 
Continent,"  p.  '254. 

"The  New  England  people  thought  that  the 
Five  Nations  should  help  them  against  the  French 
Indians,"  p.  259. 

"Schuyler  suborned  the  Iroquois  and  won  them 
over  from  the  French,"  p.  259. 

"The  continued  wrangling,  desultory  warfare 
and  bloodshed  between  the  English  and  French 
came  to  an  end,  temporarily  at  least,  by  the  peace 
of  rtrecht,inl713,"p.  263. 

"The  traders  then  eared  more  for  private  profit 
than  public  good,"  p.  265. 

"In  1718  the  Iroquois  were  at  peace  with  the 
French,"  p.  265. 

"Some  chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations  and  Schagti- 
cokes"  (River  Indians,  afterwards  known  as  Ma- 
hikans  and  later  as  Loups,  a  remnant  of  the  Pe 
quots  who,  after  the  death  of  Philip  and  the  dis- 
persion of  the  tribe,  settled  along  the  Hudson 
River  near  Albany)  "went  to  Boston  in  172:1 
where  they  were  well  received  and  ])romiRpd  $100 
each  for  scalps,"  p.  269. 

"The  English  captured  40  Abenaquis  and  plac- 
ed them  among  the  Irocjuois,"  p.  270, 

"Father  Rasle  was  soon  after  (1724)  killed," 
p.  270. 


TKl'MBULL'S  HISTOKY  OF  THE   IXDIAX 

WARS;  Phila.lelpliia,  1S47. 

'/I'^'^e  tnl.es  of  Indians  who  inhaMt  the  l.ar.ks 
;l  lakes  (haniplain,  (Jeorge.  ami  Ontario,  were 
onnerly  l.o.,„o.s    hut  liave  since  he.n  knosvn  hv 

-Mohawks  ot  Canada,"  j).  107. 

'Jl.roe  years    hefore  the  arrival   of  the   P!v- 

"..  ith  (  oh.ny,  a  very  mortal  sickness,  supposed 

»"    .ave  heen  the  ph,gue  or  yel.'ow  fever,   Le<l 

|v.h  great  viok-m-e  among  those  in  the  eastern 

.  te  1.    J  he  hv.ng  were  not  ahle  to  hury  the  .lead; 
.     I   he.r  hones  were  found  lying  ahove  the  groun, 
nanx    years  atter.     The  -Massachusetts   Indians 

aml  o  three  hundred  fighting  men.  In  miV.l  the 
husetts,  -pp  llM2.-al|  the  territorv  now  em- 
hire   ..ri    m"  '•'"  ''"^'-^  "^  ^^"■•"""^'  '^'^^^-  W«'»P- 

M.a.ter  from  the  Crown,  heing  then  under  the 
.inrisdiction  of  Massachusetts. 


AISKXAQIIS   IXDIAX   SRTTLE.MEXT 
AT  SWAXTOX   FALLS 
OX    THE   MISSlSf^Foi   lUVFAi. 

lli^forf,  aftl.r  CathnUc  Cluurh  h,  thr  AV.r  E,n- 
laiifl  Stutrs;  Boston,  1899: 

"It  is  ahout  this  time  (1090)  that  the  Abena.,uis 
Iml.au.  appeared  m.un  Lake  Chanipiain.  having 


26 


Etymology  of  Mimibvi'oi 


ht't'ii  «liiven  from  Maine  hv  the  Rnglish  in  1080." 
p.  581. 

"Having  l)een  driven  from  Maine  by  the  Eng- 
lish, in  KiSO,  the  (lovernor  of  Canada  gave  them 
tiie  coiiiiti  y,  which  extemls  from  the  River  C'liaii- 
diere  on  the  St.  Laurent,  to  the  River  Richelieu 
and  Lake  Champlain,"  p.  581. 

"Catholicity  flourished  among  the  Ahenaquis 
for  lengthened  jjeriods  on  the  shores  of  the  Mis- 
sis(|Uoi  and  Winoski  rivers,  Otter  Creek,  and 
other  jtlaces."  p.  582. 

"They  had  a  permanent  chapel  on  the  Missis- 
<|Uoi  river,  near  Swanton,  on  the  Highgate  side, 
for  a  good  many  years,"  p.  582. 

"Tliis  chapel  was  in  existence  in  1775,"  p.  5(52. 


Ira  Allen,  brother  of  Ethan  Allen,  and  author  of 
"Allen's  Natural  and  Political  History  of  Ver- 
mont," i^  on  record  as  confirming  the  settlement 
of  the  Abenaquis  Indians  on  Missisco  river  as  be- 
ing "a  large  Indian  town,"  p.  15. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  IROQl'OLS: 
Albany,  1905; 

"The  Vermont  shore  belonged  to  the  Iro(|uois," 
p.  151. 

' '  The  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Champlain  had  then 
belonged  to  the  Iroquois,"  p.  168. 


AnUEMlA 


THE  .lESriT  RELATIONS. 


27 


At  a  meeting  held  at  (^uelu'c,  ()«'t«>l)er  10.  KJS'J. 
at  tlie  house  of  the  Keveieiid  Jesuit  Fathers  at 
which  were  present  the  Intendant,  Monseur  de 
\'arrannes,(i()veruor  of  Three Hiveis.  Messeurs De 
lirussy,  |)aiil)oust.  Duciuet.  lA'uioine.  La  Duvantis. 
I^izai'd,  Chailly,  V^ieuxpont,  Duhith,  de  Sorel,  De 
Hepentingy,  Herthier,  Boucher,  several  of  tiie 
Ifierarcliy,  and  .Jesuit  Fatliers,  to  counsel  al>out 
tnkins?  action  against  the  secret  niacliinations  of 
llie  lro(|Uois  and  to  protect  outlying  Indian  set- 
tlements mention  is  made  of  the  Mission  at  Missis- 
<|oui.  as  follows: 

"('onse(piently,  the  utmost  etTorts  must  he  nunle 
to  prevent  them  from  ruining  the  nations,  as  they 
have  iieretofore  ruined  the  Algomjuins,  Andastaz, 
Loups,  Ahenaquis,  and  others,  wiiose  remnants  we 
have  at  the  settlements  of  Silloiy,  Laurette,  Lake 
('hami)lain,  and  others  scattereti  among  us."  The 
Jesuit  Relations  and  Allied  Documents,  Cleve- 
land; The  Burrows  Brothers  Company.  1!M)0.  \'ol. 
L.XII,  p.  MU. 

That  fuller  and  more  detailed  information  in 
refiMencc  to  the  Ahenaquis  settlements  in  Ver- 
mont does  not  occur  in  the  Jesuit  Relations  may 
easily  he  accounted  for  hy  the  general  disturh- 
ances  in  this  section  of  the  country  anterior,  dur- 
ing, and  suhsequent  to  the  Seven  yea  is  war 
and  cai)ture  of  Canachi.  to  the  dissolution  of  the 
Jesuit  order  in  177;?.  and  consecpient  destruction 
and  confiscation  of  their  records,  and  to  the  gre:it 
ujtheaval  and  overthrow  wrought  hy  the  war  of 
the  F?evolution  a  little  later. 


28 


Ktymulouv  or  Midnisvuoi 


Further  piocd"  of  the  AhenacjuiH  Mission  at 
Missiskuoi  is  toiiii<l  in  "Despatches  and  Orders  of 
tile  KinjT,"  under  date  of  Mart-h  24,  1744,  in  part 
as  follows: 

"Tile  estaitlislinient  of  the  Mission  at  Missis- 
l<oui  may,  als-o,  conduce  to  this  end,"  (tlie  furtlier 
settlement  and  develoiiment  of  this  part  of  the 
country)  "l»y  means  of  tlie  spiritual  aids  whicii 
the  new  settlers  may  derive  from  the  said  Mis- 
si<..i.  The  other  advantages  offered  by  tliis  settle 
menl,  however,  most  of  all.  the  possibility  it  may 
alford  of  detaching  the  Loups  and  Abenaki  In- 
dians dwelling  in  that  region,  from  the  lOnglisli, 
will  prove  of  no  less  importance,  nor  nujst  the 
Sieurs  de  Beauliainois  and  lioccjuart  fail,  in  any 
way,  to  further  the  efforts  of  Father  Lauverjat 
towards  this  end. ' ' 

And  again  in  "Instructions  from  the  King  to 
the  Marquis  of  Heauharnois,  Governor  and  Lieu- 
tenant General  of  France,  and  Intendant  Hoc- 
(|uart,"  under  date  April  28,  1745,  among  other 
things  occurs  this  reference  to  the  subject-matter 
under  consideration: 

"It  is  true  that  war  will  likely  prevent  the 
rapid  development  of  thtse  settlements  in  keep- 
ing back  those  who  might  wish  to  take  up  lands  in 
tliis  region,  but  consitiering  that  they  will  be  [)ro- 
tected  by  the  Fort  St.  Frederic,  and  that  the  Mis- 
sion of  Missiskoui  will  be  very  advantageous  to 
them  in  case  the  English  should  attemi)t  any  en- 
croachment, they  might  be  easily  encouraged." 

"Ilis  Majesty  was  pleased  to  hear  of  the  pro- 
gress made  by  the  village  of  Missiskoui  and  the 
disposition  displayed  by  the  Indians  composing  it 
on  the  occasion  of  the  war." 


.\l>lJK\riA 


:;9 


MS.  Caiuidiun  Anliivcs,  Scries  (J.  \'(i|.  .'I,  p.  :{JS. 

Spofcli  of  tilt'  >iissis(|()ui  iiiiliiiiis  at  tin-  Xoitli 
Knd  of  Lake  Cliamplain  to  the  (lovt-rijoi-  of  (^uc 
Im'c.  Si'|itt'iiili»'i-  S,  17(1(1. 
Mrotlit'r: 

\V«',  tin-  Missiskoiii  liifli.'iiH  of  St.  Francis  or 
Alu'naki  Trilu-  have  inlialiitatcd  that  part  of  Lake 
( 'liaiiii)laiji  known  In  the  name  of  Missisqoni. 
Time  nnknown  to  any  of  us  here  present,  without 
heinj?  molested  or  any  one'  .•hiiminn:  ITmiit  to  it, 
to  our  Knowledi^e.  except  aliont  Kiirhteen  Years 
a'.i(>,  the  Freni'ii  (iovernor  Mr.  Namlreuil  and  In 
lemlant  came  there,  and  view'd  a  spot  convenient 
for  a  saw  mill  to  fai-ijitate  the  huiidini?  of  Vessells 
an;!  liatteaus  at  St.  .Iohn>.  as  well  as  for  the  use 
<»f  the  navy  at  (Juehee;  and  on  the  occasion  conven- 
ed our  People  to  ask  their  approltati(»n  when  they 
coiisented  and  marked  out  a  spot  lary:e  enou«rh 
for  that  puii'.ose  as  w»'ll  as  for  the  cuttii!<:;  of  the 
saw  tinihei-  alumt  half  a  ieai^ue  sipiare  with  the 
•  •ondition  to  have  what  P.oards  they  wanted  for 
their  use  (iratis.  Hut  at  the  Conmiencenienl  of 
last  wai  said  )iiill  was  deserted  and  the  liou 
Work  liuiied  after  which  we  exj'ected  everythin,:^ 
of  the  kind  would  subside,  Itut  soon  after  peace 
was  made,  some  FiUsrlish  jteoph'  came  there  to  re- 
huiid  the  mill,  and  now  claim  three  leagues  in 
IJreadth  and  six  in  Depth,  which  taics  in  'iiir  \'il- 
laye  and  Plantation  liy  f;ir.  We  therefoic  re 
quest  of  you.  Hrotlier,  to  einjiiie  into  this  a'Tair, 
that  We  (»htain  dustice  as  it  i>  of  u^reat  <'oiicerii 
to  us. 

We  also  hea:  you  will  not  allow  ai)\-  Tialers  to 
eonie  and  lirinu  si.iritous  liipiors  anions^-  us.  he 
in^  near  enou,s,di  to  l»rin,<>:  Peltries  and  Skins  to 
Montreal  market.  A  Belt  an.l  Strimrs. 


30 


K.TVMOLCKIV   OK    MiMNHurol 


Answer. 

r.rotlu'is  of  tlic  Missiskinii  Iiulians.  I  will  «'n 
<liiii«'  into  tilt'  pill  tu-uljirs  ot'  your  Ut'inicst;  in  llu' 
nii-aiuvliiic  you  may  rest  assured  of  .lustice  an! 
Protection.  ^^lUl•  continuance  in  the  same  Dulifu' 
Comlnct,  you  liave  ol)serve<l  since  under  tiie  Mri- 
tisli  (ioveinment  wiil  pHM-ure  you  marks  of  favor. 


TIlo.MI'SOX'S  (iAZETTKEH  OF  VKUMO.VT, 

Burlinjfton,  \H4'2: 

"  Hefore  the  <'iini|Mest  of  Canada  hy  the  Knjf 
lish  the  !''ri'Ucli  jitid  Indians  had  a  settlement  at 
Swanton  Falls  consisting  of  fifty  huts,  and  luul 
cleared  some  land  on  which  tliey  raised  corn  and 
ve^etahles.  They  ha*l  also  huilt  a  church  and  a 
saw  mill,  and  the  channell  cut  through  the  rocks 
to  supply  water  to  the  latter,  still  renuiins.  This 
place  was  occnpi»'<l  hy  the  Indians  till  the  com 
mencement  of  the  revolution." — Part  III,  p.  170. 


inSTOlJV  or  THF  CATHOLIC  CHl'HCH  IN' 
THE  XP]\V  I«]X(JLA\!)  STATES;  P,(.st(m.  1S}«>: 

It  is  related  that  the  .Fesuits  estal)lished  a  mis- 
sion and  huilt  a  chajx-l  on  the  hank  of  the  Missis 
<|Uoi  near  where  SwaJitnn  now  stands.  This  chapel 
was  in  existence  in  177.")."  Vol.  11,  p.  ijfii'. 

"Another  chapel  luiilt  of  stone  and  containing 
H  hell,  existed  near  Feirishurg,  and  doul)tless 
thei-e  were  nuiny  otlieis  througliout  the  state. 
Peter  Kalm,  the  Swedish  natnralist,  who  jiassed 


Addenda 


31 


tlirniiu:))  Luke  ('liaini  liiin  to  ('jwiihIii  in  I74I»  mivs: 
'Nfar  <  very  town  an  .  villagr,  |)(>o|>l<'cl  by  convertoil 
Imiinns,  art'  oiU'  or  two  .lesnits.  TIutj'  are  like 
wIm'  .It'suits  with  tliosc  who  ar«'  not  convt'itcil,  so 
that  tiicre  is  eoniinonly  a  .Icsiiit  in  cvi'iy  viliagt* 
lu'hmminiu:  to  the  Indians,'  "  p.  4(i<i. 

"I^oit  Sic  Theresa  (  IsU'  An\  Xoi\)  was  al»an- 
ihint'<l  in  ll)!*(l.  It  is  altout  this  time  tiiat  the 
.\l'enai|nis  IndiMiis  appealed  on  tiie  Missis<|n()i 
liver,  on  tiie  W'inoski,  and  on  <Mter  eieek,  having 
lii'eii  driven  from  Maine  l)y  the  Knirlish  in  1(1*^0." 
p.  .")S1 

•'I'loiii  I'isT  t(»  iTfio  we  find  tlieni  on  the  Miss- 
isipioi  river,  on  the  WinosKi  and  on  iMler  ('rr"k." 

p.  .'iSj. 


VKIi.MONT    IIISTORK'AI,    (iAZKTTKHR; 

Ilemnieiuvay.  Montpelier.  \'t.,  issj;  \'ol.  IV.: 

"Tiiis  wouM  leave  tiie  nortliein  jiait  of  the  hike 
ifi  the  vieinity  of  the  Missisqiioi  river  and  l»ay, 
as  well  as  tlie  lands  on  tlie  Soielle.  tlio'  claimed 
liy  the  Iroipiois,  yet  for  the  most  part,  if  not  en- 
tirely unoccupied  when  (liamplaiii  iiiaile  his  ex- 
jilorations.  Much  of  Vermont,  piolialily  all  its 
western  slope,  lieloiiifed  to  tiie  same  nation." 
\k'M-2. 

"It  should  thus  seem  jilain  tliat  a  fair  iiiterpre 
tation  must  concede  that  the  iMxpiois  not  only  oc 
ciipied  parts  of  western  X'eini.uit.  Iml  had  some 
rights  to  the  soil  in  this  neijj;hl)orhood  (Swanton) 
at    the    perioil    in    (Hiestion" — when    visitel    hy 
Champlain),  p.  !*4;i. 

"In  records  of  a  more  recent  <late.  rndians 
sjioken  of  as  the  Abena<|uis  settled  in  a   villaife 


ii:«Ai 


Sd 


IvrvMoLoov  OF   .Missisvr<ii 


liillf  1  .Mis,sis()iit)i.  Tlie  latter  name  the  tribe  proh- 
alily  i^ave  to  tlic  river  on  the  hanks  of  which  their 
settlement  was  situated."  ]>.  9415. 

Accord in<i-  to  one  authority,  tiie  name  Missis- 
<|Uoi  was  apjtlicd  only  to  the  lower  part  of  the 
stream,  and  n(»t  to  the  whole  of  it  until  a  nmcli  lat- 
er day."  )).  !»4:!. 

"A  poition  of  this  tribe  (Abena(|uis)  finally 
settled  in  the  Coos  country,  on  the  upper  waters 
of  the  Connecticut.  It  also  appears  that  some  of 
them  afterwai-d,  and  at  a  still  later  day.  establish- 
ed themselves  on  the  Missisquoi  river.  Those 
on  the  liver  last  mentioned,  in  records  of  a  more 
recent  date,  are  often  spoken  of  as  the  AbernKpiis 
at  .Missis(|Uoi.  'i'hey  were  thus  designated  from 
the  fact  that  they  were  a  portion  of  the  Abena(|uis 
settled  in  a  village  called  ^^lissiscpioi.  The  latter 
name  the  tribe  piobably  gave  to  the  river  on  the 
banks  of  which  their  settlement  was  situated. 
According  to  one  authority,  the  name  Missisciuoi 
was  oiiginally  applied  only  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  stream,  and  not  to  the  whole  of  it  until  a  later 
day.  In  either  case  the  term  is  distinctive  of  that 
l»ortion  of  the  tribe,  which  was  located  on  the  wat- 
ers in  question.  At  last,  however,  the  Abenatpiis 
on  the  Connecticut,  on  the  Missisfpioi,  and  in  Can- 
ada were  known  l)y  a  new  name.  As  they  sustain- 
ed relations  one  to  anothei-.  they  came  to  be  alike 
called  the  St.  Francis  Indians."  pj).  i»4;)-4. 

"Two  miles  below  the  \owtn-  falls  of  the  ^lissis- 
(pioi  rivei-  was  an  Indian  settlement  of  fifty  or 
more  wigwams  called  .Missis(|Uoi,"  p.  i»45. 

"Abena(p)'>  Indians  at  ^lissis(|uoi  in  Hi.jO,"  pp. 
f)44!)4!). 

After  the  war  of  the  devolution,  the  Abenaquis 
Indians  still  claimed  the  ownership  of  the  lands 


Ai 


33 


l)or(lering  upon  the  Missistjuoi  Kiver.  upon  which 
they  and  their  ancestors  had  lived  (hiring  several 
generations,  as  will  appear  hy  the  accompanying 
<lecIaration  and  petition  for  protection  and  indem- 
nity made  through  Ira  Allen  to  (Jeneral  Ilaldi- 
niand  and  later  to  (luy  (arleton,  tluu  Lord  Dor- 
chester. 

"John  Wagoner  ami  William  Tichout  Imth  of 
hiwful  age.  Testify  ami  say  that  in  the  niontii  of 
Oct.  hist  an  Indian  l)y  the  name  of  ("apt.  Louis 
and  about  twenty  more  supposed  to  he  of  the  St. 
l''rancanay  Tribe,  came  to  the  town  of  Swantcm 
and  llighgate  on  tiie  Hiver  Masisquc  in  theState  of 
\'t.  and  Hoisted  a  Mag  on  a  pole  drew  their  knives 
lhrealene<l  several  of  the  inhal)itants  in  a  Hostile 
manner  obliged  the  inhabitants  to  j>rovide  a  din- 
ner for  them,  claimed  a  right  to  the  lands,  and 
took,  in  a  hostile  manner  Ten  l»ushels  of  Indian 
Corn  from  John  Wagoner  and  about  fifteen  bush- 
els of  potatoes  from  Wm.  Ticliout.  The  Indians 
also  burnt  and  destroyed  some  fei'ces  in  sd.  town. 
That  in  the  month  of  April  last  the  same  Indians 
came  to  said  town  again  and  threatened  to  dis- 
jtossess  the  subscril)er  John  Wagoner  unless  he 
would  pay  them  for  a  fourth  of  all  he  raised  on 
said  lands  as  Kent  to  them.  State  of  Vt.  Co. 
Chittenden.  June  21st,  I7SS",  Ibid  pj).  9!)S-!>. 

"On  the  reduction  of  Canada,  after  the  seizure 
of  Lake  ClKuni)lain  by  the  English,  in  17(i(),  numy 
of  the  Indians  began  gradually  to  retire  from 
those  parts  of  N'ormont  which  they  had  occupied. 
This  departure  from  Missiwpioi,  howevei',  was 
slower  than  from  otiiei-  (piaiters.  They  still  lin 
gered  in  considerable  numbers  at  this  place  for 
many  years,  though  they  were  all  the  while  in  dose 
connection    with    those    of   their    kindred    whose 


34 


IvrvMoi.dfiv  OF   Missisguoi 


.•ili()i|,.  \v;is  on  tin*  snuthcrn  hank  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence-, and  flsewlicre  in  Canada."  Ibid  p.  9(59. 

"It  should  thus  appear  that  John  Ililliker,  Sr. 
settled  on  the  .Missis(|Uoi  River  about  1779,  thus 
as  early  as  the  Jiiiddle,  or  possible  sometime  dur- 
inii:  the  last  hair  of  the  Ke-olutionary  war  *  *  *  * 
At  the  pel  iod  of  his  settlement,  the'.'- suit  Chapel 
and  the  In<Iian  villa,a;e  were  still  in  exi.vteuce.  The 
bell  used  to  he  runi?  daily,  morning  and  evening, 
for  pi-ayers."  p.  79l'. 

_"In  the  survey  of  William  Brasier,  made  in 
17(;l',  Ma<|uam  Creek  is  ealled  Missisquoi  rivulet, 
and  the  portion  of  the  Delta  to  the  west,  which  was 
then  an  island,  was  designated  as  Missistiuoi  is- 
land," p.  991. 

"The  waters  of  Matpiam  bay  was  the  southerlv 
shore  of  West  Swanton.  On  Claude  .Josepii 
Souther's  map  of  1779  it  was  ealled  East  Bav." 
p.  99l'.  "Xorth-easterly  of  this  bay  is  a  la'rge 
marsh.  This  marsh  is  said  to  have  been  i)roduced 
by  an  earthcputke  in  1755,  an  account  of  which  may 
be  found  in  the  nanative  of  Jemima  Howe.  It  is 
(•ailed  the  Pitch  Pine  marsh,  as  it  is,  or  has  been, 
mostly  covered  with  that  kind  of  timber.  It  af- 
fords also  a  great  abun.lance  of  Imckle-berries  or 
blue-beriies  which  aie  gathered  almost  every 
year  and  taken  away  by  wagon  loads,"  ]>.  992. 

"The  wigwams  of  tlie  Indians  were  located  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river  at  Swanton -Falls,"—!) 
994.  ■ 

"Tt  accordingly  haj)pened  not  long  after  the 
(dose  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution  that  the  In- 
dians, like  many  others  who  had  favored  the  Eng 
lisli  cause,  began  to  remove  to  Canada,  for  their 
sympathies  were  with  the  British  rathei-  than 
with  the  American  Government.    Thev  also  had  a 


Addenua 


35 


.strong  attachment  to  the  religion  they  had  receiv- 
ed from  the  Jesuits,  an<l  doubtless  regarded  the 
Protestant  settlers  who  were  surrounding  them 
as  heretics  and  infidels.     It  is  not,  tlierefore,  sur- 
prising, under  such  conditions,  they  sliould  wish  to 
reinove  and  carry  with  tliom  every  relic  of  their  re- 
ligious faith  and  worshij);  consequently,  on  re- 
moving, they  took  down  the  edifice  which  had  for 
many  years  served  them  as  their  sanctuary.    The 
stones  of  which  it  was  built,  and  probably  the  bell, 
weie  removed  to  Moscow,  a  village  known  as  St. 
Hyacinth,  on  the  Yamaska  river  in  Canada.    The 
write-  was   informed   by  .John   Pratt,  who   was 
among  the  first  settlers,  that  all  those  stones  were 
transported  by  the  Indians  in  their  bark  canoes, 
and  were  again  used  in  the  construction  of  a  house 
of  worshii>.    Thus  the  Indians  began  to  disappear. 
They  were,  however,  slow  in  withdrawing.  *  *  • 
The  large  majoiity  of  them,  however,  retired  prob- 
ably at  the  time  the  church  was  i-emoved,  leaving 
the  lands  which  the  tribe  had  had  possession  of 
for  more  than  a  century,"  p.  1000.    "there  were 
about  70  Indians  here  in  179n,''  p.  1001. 

"About  the  year  1825,  there  came  some  four  or 
five  families  and  put  as  many  wigwams  on  the  land 
owned  by  the  late  Rufus  L.  fiarney,  about  1-L'  mile 
below  the  village.  They  remained  a  year  or  two 
obtaining  their  livelihood  by  hunting, Vishing  and 
basket-making.  They  claimed  the  lands,  as  the 
Indians  have  done  from  the  first."  j).  1001. 


•Jtj 


I'.IYMOLOGY    OK     ,MlSSl!;gl'OI 


CLAIMS  iW  TIIK  UFA)  MF.X  DENIED 

lllSTOifV  ()!-'  VEIfMOXT.  TllOMPSOX; 

iJiirlington,  1S42: 

•'It  was  dnriiij^'  this  session" — of  the  Logisla- 
liire  of  \'(Miii()iit  lor  the  year  1798— "that  ai)|)li<'a- 
tion  was  niadt-  liy  some  Indian  chiefs  in  Canada, 
for  ('oni])ensation  for  lands  wliich  they  chiiiiied  in 
V^erniont. 

"Their  chiiiii  enil»raeed  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
l)resent  counties  (»f  Addison,  Chittenden,  Frank- 
lin, and  ( I  rand  Isle.  The  subject  was  referred  to 
a  coniniittee,  who  repoi'ted  that  the  lands  claimed 
had,  in  their  oi»iTiioii,  formerly  belonjjed  to  said 
Indians,  hut  whether  their  title  had  ever  heen  ex- 
tinguished hy  purchase,  Contjuest,  derilection  of 
occupancy,  or  in  any  other  way  they  co  ild  not  as- 
certain. The  't'gislMture  supported  the  Indian 
agents  dui'ing  their  attendance,  gave  them  a  hun- 
dred dollars  in  token  of  friendship,  and  they  re- 
tuined  to  their  tiihes  well  pleased  with  their  suc- 
cess, and  still  hoping  to  succeed  still  hetter  an- 
other season. 

"In  October,  ISOO,  the  legislature  met  at  Mid- 
dlebury.  The  Indians  having  been  so  well  s,.p- 
ported  and  i)ai(l  at  their  former  attendance  ujton 
the  legislature,  again  ;^t- mled  and  urged  their 
claims  to  land  in  Vernumt.  The  Governor  inform- 
ed them  that  the  assembly  had  voted  to  give  them 
$50  to  defray  their  expenses  on  their  return  to 
their  own  nati(ms — but  that  no  more  money  wouhl 
be  given  them  either  to  ])ui'chase  tlieir  claims  or 
to  defray  their  exjienses.  These  decided  measui-es 
bnuight  the  afifair  with  the  Indians  to  a  close," 
—Vol.  11,  ))p.  89-90. 


AlillKNDA 


37 


McQILL    UNIVERSITY 

ricuLTv  or  ap^liio  tciiNct 


Vnn't  Offitt : 

mttK  3  ADArtt  M. e ,  D  ic.  rut »oi«i*. 

e  *i    M^LtOD    Mil,  m.tC— V«(  Ota*. 


MOHTHKi.. 

£6th  Uay,  1909. 


Oeorge  MoAlear  Esq.,  U.  D., 

"Voroeeter,  Uaea, 
Dear  Dr.  UoAleer:- 

I  have  just  received  your  letter 
of  May  22ad  with  regard  to  the  occurrence  of 
flints  on  the  shores  of  la'Ke   Chacplala. 

True  flJnta  always  occur  in  chalk  and  there 
is  no  chalk  in  the  region  to  which  you  refer. 
There  are,  however,  occurrences  of  chert,  which 
resemhles  flint,  in  rooks  other  than  chalk,  and 
It  may  be  that  there  are  occurrences  of  this 
material  on  that  portion  of  the  Jake  shore  to 
which  y"u  refer.  I,  however,  an  not  personally 
acquainted  with  this  precise  region. 

I  should  advise  you  to  write  to  the  Director 
of  the  Geological  Survey,  Ottavra,  who  will  place 
•your  letter  in  the  hands  of  one  of  his  staff  who 
has  geologically  examined  this  part  of  the  lomin- 
ioa. 

I  remain. 

Yours  very  einc<=rely. 


^\^v^a^^^^^-cU^ 


DEPARTMENT    OF    MINES 
OtOLOCICAL   •URVEV 

R.  W.   KNOCK,  OimCTOII^ 


OTTAWA. 


May  31st,  1909* 


Dear  Sir, 

I  beg  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
letter  of  the  25th  inst,,  with  reference  to  flint 
deposits  on  the  shores  of  Missisquoi  Bay.  I  am 
enclosing  a  map  which  will  show  you  the  geological 
forrcations  ahout  the  hay.  We  have.no  knowledge  of 
true  flint  occuring  in  that  locality.  Perhaps  yotf 
refer  to  the  chert  of  the  Georgia  (Cambrian)  shown 
on  the  map  as  Potsdam.  This  formation  has  a  great 
thickness  of  sandy  dolomite  holding  a  great  amount 
of  black  and  grey  chert  in  angul&r  fragments  up  to 
a  foot  in  length  and  six  inches  in  width.   The 
chert  occasionally  forms  layers  of  a  fev/  inches  in 
thickness.  In  some  beds  the  chert  makes  up  the 
chief  part  of  the  rock.  In  the  Trenton  sometimes 
some  beds  become  hard  and  cherty. 

I  should  be  obliged  if  you  could  give  me 
any  further  information  regarding  your  flint. 

Yours  respect;fully. 

Dr.  G.  McAleer,  (1^  ,  (O ,    (f^uu<r<K 

Worcester,  Mass., 
U.  S.  A. 


Addenda 


CIOLOSICAI     SURVEY 
K.#.C!;OeK,DiiieTO». 


CANADA. 


Ottawa,  Deo.  13th,  '09, 


Sear  Slr:- 

Replyicg  to  your  enquiry  conoerning  the 
MlBsiBqnoi  region  as  a  possible  source  of  flint, 
I  beg  to  say  that  no  snob  material  is  known  to 
occur  there  although  long  and  well  known  geolog- 
ically. Some  chert  occurs  In  the  Cambrian  rooks 
in  this  neighbourhood  and  some  beds  of  the  Trenton 
become  somewhat  cherty  in  places,  but  this  mater- 
ial is  very  distinct  from  flint  and  V7culd  not  bo 
©xpeoted  to  give  rise  to  such  a  name  as  the  place 
"where  flint  is," 

Yours  very  truly. 


/Sc<rr3o.r^ 


George  McAleer  Esq.,  M,  D., 

T/oroester,  Mass,, 

U.  S.  A. 


i 


